What Does Volumetric Specific Productivity Mean?

Productivity is the simplest term for productivity, defined as the amount of product formed per time per volume. It is dependent on the growth rate of different microorganisms and can be calculated using volume specific productivity (r) or specific productivity (Qp). The goal of cell culture process intensification is to increase volumetric productivity by increasing viable cell density (VCD), cell specific productivity, or production bioreactor utilization.

The bioreactor system can achieve high ethanol volumetric productivity (>20 g/L reactor h) and high glucose conversion (>99) in mock hydrolysate, while adding 0.2 2-phenylethanol. The average mAb specific productivity per cell increases linearly with the cell volume, making it two times higher in the SI phase than in the NI phase.

Volumtric productivity refers to the current productivity and the question is which time point should be used for comparison. The system is based on a shaken 24 deep square well microtitre plate format with a working volume between 2 – 5 mL. Productivity is generally expressed as volumetric productivity (amount of product formed per reaction volume per unit time) or specific productivity.

Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio between the volume of output and the volume of inputs. Biomass productivity is determined by dividing biomass per unit area by the age of the forest ecosystem. Productivity is a measure of the rate at which output of goods and services is produced per unit of input, such as labor, capital, and raw materials.

How do you calculate specific resource productivity?

The productivity formula is a mathematical formula that divides output (i. e., the quantity of goods or services produced by an organization) by input (i. e., the resources and efforts expended by the workforce to achieve that output). The formula is comprised of four components: output, which denotes the goods or services produced, and input, which signifies the resources utilized to achieve that output.

How is productivity measured?

A labor productivity index is calculated by dividing output by hours worked, with all indexes having the same base period. Average annual percent changes measure change over several periods at an average yearly rate. Productivity levels or productivity indexes can be used to calculate average annual percent changes. The level of productivity is the ratio of output to inputs, with labor being the input for labor productivity and other measures using combined inputs.

What is volumetric productivity?

Productivity is the amount of product formed per time per volume, with volumetric productivity (q) being the simplest term. It is dependent on the growth rate of the organisms and the yield (how much product is produced relative to biomass). Specific productivity (r) is the amount of product formed per time per g DW, and is related to volumetric productivity with the concentration of biomass. In batch fermentation, the biomass concentration is growing, making productivity non-constant. To estimate overall volumetric productivity, one calculates the maximum product concentration divided by the time to reach that concentration.

How to calculate cell productivity?

Productivity is a crucial measure in bio-therapeutics development, aiming to increase the target protein output of cells. This can have a positive financial impact on manufacturers, as it can enable fewer production runs, reduce costs, and increase the production of sellable products, increasing revenue. Increased upstream productivity is measured in various ways, including titer, productivity, and yield. The typical financial analysis of increased protein is typically measured in weight, as most products are sold in dry form in vials.

Titer is the most common measurement used during bioprocess development, defined as the amount or protein per volume, typically represented in grams/liter. It can be measured using various methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 280 nm readings, which are now part of many HPLC or quick read systems. The 280 nm measurement can be performed from bulk product, directly on an HPLC run, or the desired protein may be purified prior to quantitation.

Productivity measures the amount of protein made per viable cell at a single titer point, calculated by dividing the titer by the viable cell density (VCD or cells/ml). This measurement is represented as the amount of protein per cell, for example mg/cell. A more conservative measure of productivity is Qp. Understanding the different ways protein output is measured and choosing the correct method of measurement is essential for successful bio-therapeutics development.

What is the formula for cell specific productivity QP?

This study evaluates the effects of PowerFeed A on growth kinetics, productivity, and cellular metabolism in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies. Supplemented cultures increased the integral viable cell density of CRL-12444 and CRL-12445 cells by 2. 4 and 1. 6 times, respectively, through extension of culture time and increment of maximal cell concentration. Product titer increased 1. 9 and 2. 5 times for CRL-12444 and CRL-12445 cells, respectively, without changes in growth rate and specific productivity.

Feed supplementation stimulated full consumption of glucose and free glutamine and reduced 10 times lactate accumulation, while ammonium, sodium, and potassium remained at similar concentrations at the end of the culture. About 44 percent of calcium, mainly provided by feed, was consumed by both cell lines. Maximizing cellular growth, viability, and protein titer through feeding encourages extending its use to other cell lines and exploring novel combinations with other basal mediums or feeds.

A thorough investigation of its impact on protein quality and molecular mechanisms behind these effects will allow designing effective feeds and strategies to rationally optimize protein production in the biomanufacturing industry.

What is specific productivity in cell culture?

Cell-specific productivity (Qp) is calculated by determining the growth rate (μ) and volumetric productivity (P), where N is the viable cell density, t is the cultivation time, and P is the volumetric productivity. This methodology is employed in a multitude of industrial sectors, including agriculture, with the objective of optimizing cell growth and yield.

How do you measure specific productivity?

The traditional process entails determining the overall product titer through the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and calculating specific cell productivity based on this titer and viable cell density. This approach is often perceived as being time-consuming and laborious.

What is meant by volumetric capacity?

The volumetric heat capacity of a material is the heat capacity of a substance divided by its volume, which is the amount of energy required to increase one unit of temperature. It is expressed as the specific heat capacity per unit of mass (J⋅K −1 ⋅ kg −1) times the density of the substance (in kg/L or g/mL). This quantity is useful for materials measured by volume rather than mass, as it is often used in engineering and other technical disciplines.

The volumetric heat capacity varies with temperature and is different for each state of matter. During a phase transition, such as melting or boiling, the substance’s volumetric heat capacity is technically infinite, as the heat goes into changing its state rather than raising its temperature.

What is productivity in fermentation process?

Process economics involves evaluating three key parameters: titer, productivity, and yield. Titer is the amount of product produced, expressed as grams product per liter fermentation broth (g/L), while productivity measures the rate of product production over time. Yield is the amount produced per unit feedstock, indicating the efficiency of microorganisms in producing the target product versus unwanted byproducts or biomass. Yield is crucial in determining the amount of feedstock required.

Biomass productivity, or biomass growth rate, is measured by average productivity, which is the total cells produced over the total fermentation time. Maximum biomass productivity occurs in the exponential growth phase, measured by incremental differences in cell concentration over time. To optimize economics for biomass fermentations, it is essential to operate as close to the exponential growth phase as possible. This is because the biomass itself is the product, and the optimal growth rate is crucial for optimal economics.

What are the three types of fermentation process?

Fermentation is a process used to create various products, such as wine, beer, biofuel, acetic acid, and butyric acid. It involves the production of pyruvate, alcohol, acetic acid, and butyric acid. All living organisms obtain energy through respiration, which is typically done in the presence of oxygen in most animals. However, some organisms, like bacteria and yeast, can produce energy in the absence of oxygen.

What is volumetric efficiency?

Volumetric Efficiency (VE) is the efficiency of an internal combustion engine in moving the charge of fresh air into and out of the cylinders. It is calculated by multiplying the equivalent air volume drawn into the cylinder by the cylinder’s swept volume, which is used to determine the required fuel delivery and spark timing.

Flow restrictions in intake and exhaust systems can reduce inlet flow, affecting the total mass delivery to the cylinder. Ram tuning can increase or decrease pumping efficiency by aligning pressure waves in the inlet or exhaust plumbing. Increasing pressure differential across the inlet valve typically increases VE throughout the naturally aspirated range. Adding intake manifold boost pressure from a supercharger or turbocharger can also increase VE.

High-performance cars often use carefully arranged air intakes and tuned exhaust systems that use pressure waves to push air into and out of the cylinders, using the resonance of the system. Two-stroke engines are sensitive to this concept, while variable valve timing for four-stroke engines addresses changes in volumetric efficiency with changes in engine speed.