Mindfulness in sport and exercise is a practice that involves maintaining focus on the present moment in an open, nonjudgmental way. It has been studied scientifically and found to offer real benefits, including improving mental health, reducing injury risk, and facilitating recovery from injury. Mindfulness is an Eastern philosophy that has been Westernized and studied scientifically. In sports, it focuses on teaching athletes to focus on the task at hand and be more aware of their own bodies and movements.
The optimal arousal level for athletes is moderate and differs according to the situational demands of various activities. The optimal arousal level is a key factor in maintaining focus in sport and exercise. This practice can help athletes focus on the task at hand and be more aware of their own bodies and movements.
In conclusion, mindfulness in sport and exercise is an alternative to meditation, an alternative to meditation, and a way to reconstruct past failures for a new, positive outcome. It is essential for athletes and coaches to learn about mindfulness-based approaches to improve performance, mental health, and recovery from injuries. By practicing mindfulness during sports games or activities that require focus, athletes can become more aware of their bodies and movements, leading to better performance and overall well-being.
📹 How to Train a Brain: Crash Course Psychology #11
I’m sure you’ve heard of Pavlov’s Bell, but what was Ivan Pavlov up to, exactly? And how are our brains trained? And what is a …
What happens when you are burnt out?
Burnout is a severe mental, physical, and emotional state where individuals experience complete exhaustion, difficulty in engaging in meaningful activities, and a growing sense of hopelessness. Symptoms include physical symptoms like headaches, stomachaches, fatigue, frequent illness, changes in appetite and sleep, and emotional symptoms like helplessness, cynicism, self-doubt, decreased satisfaction, detachedness, and loss of motivation.
What is true about mindfulness in sports and exercise?
Mindfulness enhances focus, concentration, and negative thought release, benefiting athletes by reducing anxiety and promoting process-orientedness. This practice also enhances health and performance, as it helps athletes stay present in the present moment. Soren Gordhamer highlights the importance of mindfulness in sports, stating that focus, awareness, clarity of thought, and staying in the present moment are essential skills for great athletes and meditators.
What is the inverted U model theory?
The Yerkes-Dodson law, also known as the inverted-U model of arousal, is a psychological concept that suggests that peak performance occurs with an intermediate level of stress, or arousal. It was first proposed by psychologists Robert Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908, and its relevance to stress and anxiety is evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The law suggests that too little or too much arousal leads to poorer performance.
What happens first in a person who becomes burned out?
Burnout is a chronic stress condition characterized by physical and mental exhaustion, dread about work, and frequent feelings of cynicism, anger, or irritability. It can also be experienced by parents, partners, and non-professional caregivers, known as parental burnout, relationship burnout, and caregiver burnout. Non-work burnout, less well-known than career stress, can be exacerbated by stereotypes and stigma, especially related to parenting. It can lead to hiding struggles from others.
Untreated burnout can have severe consequences, so discussing it openly with loved ones, friends, or a therapist is often the first step to addressing symptoms, seeking help, and avoiding negative outcomes.
What is true about mindfulness?
Mindfulness is a practice that focuses on being present-focused and not judging thoughts. While it is often touted as a cure for health issues, it is not always effective. The practice of mindfulness involves finding a quiet place, closing eyes, and breathing deep breaths. This technique can help reduce stress and improve overall health. However, it is important to remember that mindfulness is not a cure for all health issues. It is a process that requires practice and understanding, and it is not a one-time fix. Instead, it is a continuous process that can help improve overall well-being.
What is mindfulness in sport?
Mindfulness is a non-judgmental approach to paying attention to the present moment, which is crucial for elite athletes to navigate high performance environments. By practicing mindfulness, athletes can block out external pressures, conflicts, stressors, and triggers, gaining focus and clarity when they need it most. For example, if athletes spend the entire game thinking about past events or missed passes, they may miss opportunities to create space on the field or take advantage of strategic plays.
Mindfulness allows athletes to focus on the play at hand and their moment-by-moment movement, which is crucial in sport. With clarity and focus, athletes make better decisions and perform at a high standard. Pattell emphasizes that athletes can’t go wrong with a better understanding of mindfulness.
What is the best definition of mindfulness?
Mindfulness can be defined as a state of awareness of one’s internal states and surroundings. It is a practice that helps individuals avoid destructive habits by observing thoughts, emotions, and present-moment experiences without judgment or reaction. It is employed in therapeutic interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, stress reduction, and meditation.
What are the main points of the inverted U theory?
The ‘inverted U’ theory suggests that sporting performance improves with increased arousal levels, but there is a threshold point where any increase beyond this point can worsen performance. Performance quality varies from low to high arousal levels, with low arousal causing under-arousal or boredom, medium arousal resulting in optimal performance, and high arousal causing panic and poor performance, as seen in football players during a 3-0 loss.
What does the inverted U model of arousal include?
The Inverted U Theory posits that performance is contingent upon one’s level of arousal, encompassing both physical and mental alertness. The lower end of the U-shaped curve indicates a state of low alertness or excitement.
What is the main point of mindfulness?
Mindfulness is a powerful tool that encourages attention to thoughts, actions, and the body, helping individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Studies have shown that mindful eating helps individuals eat when they’re hungry, focus on each bite, enjoy their food more, and stop when they’re full. Despite the challenge of finding time for mindfulness in our culture, practicing mindfulness can be done throughout the day, even while answering emails, sitting in traffic, or waiting in line. By becoming more aware of your breath, feet on the ground, fingers typing, and the people and voices around you, mindfulness can help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
What is the first step of burnout?
The honeymoon phase is a period of energy and optimism, often characterized by satisfaction and productivity. This period can lead to the onset of stress, which can lead to physical and mental symptoms such as losing focus, being less productive, and fatigue. The chronic stress phase is when the stress becomes more persistent, affecting work, relationships, and personal life.
The burnout phase occurs when the individual reaches their limit and cannot function as they normally would. Work-related problems consume them, leading to obsessive behavior, extreme self-doubt, and physical symptoms such as headaches, stomach issues, and gastrointestinal problems. Friends and family may also notice behavioral changes.
If left untreated, burnout can become a part of everyday life, leading to anxiety or depression. Chronic mental and physical fatigue can prevent the individual from working and jeopardize their job status. Symptoms of burnout vary depending on the phase, but generally, there are three main signs: exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment.
In summary, the honeymoon phase is a period of energy and optimism, followed by a period of stress, burnout, and depersonalization. It is crucial to recognize and address these symptoms to maintain a healthy work-life balance and maintain a healthy work-life balance.
📹 Managing Stress: Good for Your Health
Too much stress can have serious consequences—both for you and those around you. Luckily, VA provides a number effective …
After perusal this, it reminded me of something that happened to me when I was younger. I didn’t realize that I was doing it, but for a period of a month or two I always chewed on this certain flavour/brand of gum while reading this certain book series. I guess I didn’t realize it because I just didn’t think it was anything out of the ordinary to chew gum while reading, it was only until I decided to chew this gum while not reading the books did I realize what had happened. Almost as soon as the taste hit me, I felt the strongest urge to read my usual favourite book. I dismissed it as coincidence at first, but it happened again some time later, and then I realized my brain associated the flavour of that gum with the by now familiar text of my favourite book. It was pretty cool, so I began trying to intentionally associate things using senses, mainly taste. I bought 3 packs of gum of distinctly different flavours, then chose things to do while chewing each of these flavours. It was a little more difficult than I imagined, doing it intentionally, but eventually I got it. Month later I found myself actually wanting to do homework at the taste of strawberry gum, and cleaning things at the taste of mint gum. Funny how that works, it can be a very useful tool.
I just wanna say, that I’ve always been interested in psychology, sociology, and neurological disorders and I plan to go into that career path after high school and college. I found this page and I’m currently sitting and perusal the crash course for psychology, I love it. Since I’m not old enough to take psychology at my high school yet… (Have to be in 11th or 12th.) I can’t get all the information I wanna learn about from just Google. Yet I found this and I just yeah, love it, like a lot.
If you want an example of classical conditioning in humans: people who undergo chemotherapy often get sick and throw up because of the stuff. This may make it so that when they see the setup in which they will get their chemo, they will get sick. Eventually, they may even get sick because of a white coat, since doctors wear those, and there was a doctor when they got their chemo. This really happens to people, and it’s a classical example of classical conditioning.
I’m sure you’ve heard of Pavlov’s Bell (and I’m not talking about the Aimee Mann song), but what was Ivan Pavlov up to, exactly? And how are our brains trained? And what is a “Skinner Box”? All those questions and more are answered in today’s Crash Course Psychology, in which ***** talks about some of the aspects of learning. How to Train a Brain – Crash Course Psychology #11
My favorite experiment is when they put a bird in something that is essentially a Skinner box but the reward is purely random. The bird quickly develops extreme superstitious behavior as it tries to figure out what it did when it got the food. Even better is when you do the same thing with people… hilarious.
Correct me if I am wrong: during an interrogation, negative reinforcement: beating a suspect until he speaks positive reinforcement: giving him a cookie each time he reveals something positive punishment: punching the guy for each time he lies. negative punishment: taking a piece of his clothing and leaving him to feel cold whenever he lies.
This article is great, but a note. They recently realized that they were wrong about little albert dying. That was a different child in the hospital at the same time as little albert. In fact the child from the reserch ended up living well into his 80s and lost his fear of rats quickly after the tests were over.
I use Applied Behavioral Analysis with very young children with autism. The behavioral and operand conditioning is basically exactly what I use to help my babies. It’s much more complex (what isn’t?) but I was thrilled to see this here. Also, thank you for pointing out negative does NOT mean punishment in this case.
For my psych class assignment, I have to leave a comment, I sure hope you see it professor. I have one thought on classical conditioning, if the food makes the dog drool, and the dog can be conditioned to drool from the bell, then does that mean that the drool from the dog may caused because the dog is actually hungry to eat the food? Or is the dog just drooling because it was conditioned to from the food, did the dog drool when it was first presented with the meat powder food? I guess basically what I’m curious is does the original stimulus itself become a condition at some point? Another such as negative reinforcement (where a person has to do something to remove something that negatively effects them) is also a curious case. In my personal experience, having to do something to avoid discomfort is not very rewarding because it implies I must experience something negative whenever I don’t fulfill desired behavior and most of the time, I didn’t wanna do it anyway
CrashCourse I love your articles. I teach high school psychology and use them often to review. All of them have been perfect except this article. In classical conditioning the neutral stimulus needs to happen before the unconditioned stimulus (1/2 second is best). This is a important distinction because the animal learns that the neutral stimulus predicts the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus.
The way an outside idea can change your perception and views, even though the idea might not be a true fact or ethical, is sort of scary. I feed my students a lot ideas the way I view the world even without knowing that this might change them in a way that they perceived my thoughts, which might turn out to be a good thing or a bad thing. I have thought about it and decided not to discuss how I view life but sometimes I give them my two cents without even knowing that I’m doing it.
When it comes to cruel animal experiments Skinner and Pavlov have little on Harry Harlow (though Pavlov did operate a collecting divice into the dogs cheeks to collect the saliva) who worked with rhesus monkeys, and among other things studied behaviours surrounding social behaviour. He desovered that baby rhesus monkey rather cling to a mother figure made of metal scaffolding is they were “dressed” in terry cloth. He also put them baby ones in something they referred to as the pit of despair, to discover what is left of social behaviour if an animal it put in total isolation.
We must remember that the radical behaviorism of B.F. Skinner did not ignore the studies of thoughts, feelings, emotions, perceptions, memories, etc… he just didn’t think of these phenomena as causes of human behavior, but as behavior phenomenas themselfs, and so, they should (and could) be explained in the light of operant and reflex behaviors paradigms. There are many researches in these topics now days, but it was B.F. Skinner who found a way to operationalize these concepts, making these researches possible! That was one of the most important contributions of Skinner to behavior psychology. For more information, I suggest his book “Science and human behavior”.
I’ve tried positive reinforcement for waking up earlier to go to class by setting my alarm tone as my favorite song – but that simply resulted in my hatred of a once-amazing song. I guess my dislike for early rising was stronger than my like for that song. Oh well 🙁 it was interesting to try though.
Actually, two of my professors at MacEwan University researched Little Albert and discovered that the original theory that he died shortly after the experiment is unlikely. They discovered that the man who was more likely to be Little Albert lived until an old age and the Watson experiments had no lasting effects!
Yep, I experience both classical and operational conditioning. I notice that about a month has passed since I’ve changed the ringtone of my alarm clock, I grow tolerant to it, it’s not annoying anymore and continue sleeping – classical. I tried to fight that by operational conditioning – rewarding or not rewarding myself if I don’t or do ignore the ring and get out of bed, but it’s not working very well. Most of the time I continue to ignore the alarm sound. So classical is the winner for me, if you compare.
Psych CrashCoursers: Are you perusal this through the Learning Playlist? What do you think of that format? I really appreciate the features of the Learning Playlist that these have been put it. It is easier for me to pick up where I left off and I avoid the distractions of the recommendations sidebar.
B.F. Skinner was a rather interesting man. During World War II, he tried to create a “smart bomb” during Project Pigeon by using pigeons to peck at a picture and guide a bomb to it’s target. It saw very little action during the war however it was a brilliant experiment in a time when only the Nazi’s had so called smart bombs or missiles. If you don’t want to read up on it, check it out by typing in Skinner’s Project Pigeon on Youtube for more details.
The brain is useful what we can learn in our lives. In the current situation, how do you get a B in your life, how do you get money, how do you get friends, how do you get an education and how do your dreams come true? We have a mind and must learn what can be a possibility, because if we don’t, our lives would suck.
is it killing anyone else that at 3:14 the animation shows unconditioned stimulus (food) + neutral stimulus (bell) = drooling? the order is important! the bell should come before the food in the animation. it would make learning the difference between forward & backward conditioning (and others) easier later.
Scientifically accurate, captivating and informative. Thanks for this great article. However, the ending gives the impression that Skinner ignored memories, feelings, etc. when in fact he did not. He simply conceptualised them in a different way, as (private) behaviour itself rather than as influences of behaviour. It would be interesting to see a article where these different conceptual perspectives are discussed, with a focus on how they affect practice.
Another example of classical conditioning in humans I can think of: People who reframe from eating meat can sometimes get discussed at the concept that people eat meat. This sometimes makes it so that when they withness somebody eating meat, they get discussed. After a while, they get discussed at the concept of coming near somewhere that serves meat.
Dear John Green, hope you´re actually reading this, and i hope you can help me, by opening a crash course article about sociology. I have the class and we´re learning about Durkheim, but traditional class teaching doesn’t work for me I need images in order to lear and fully understand. I would really appreciate your help, Greetings Monica
Pretty sure associative learning is exactly what superstition is. It’s like that test some researchers did with birds. One group were fed routinely and the others randomly. After a few feeds, the random birds were doing all this weird stuff because that’s what they were doing when they were fed that one time.
I’ve never understood the differences between positive and negative punishment. A seatbelt ticket would be considered positive because it adds a stimulus and getting your license taken would be negative because it removes a stimulus. But at the end of the day, isn’t a seatbelt ticket just removing how much money you have and would therefore be a negative punishment? I just find the classification of negative vs. positive somewhat unnecessary.
I would just like to draw attention to the fact that “negative reinforcement is not punishment” is actually a controversial claim. It really depends on what behavior you’re looking at and whether or not you’re consistent in looking at a single behavior. I will draw the rest of this discussion from W. David Pierce and Carl D. Cheney’s Behavior Analysis and Learning, 4th edition, ch. 6, “Aversive Control of Behavior.” What is of most importance here is the literature on escape and avoidance. Escape is when a response is made during a punishment in order to stop the punisher. Avoidance is making a response in order to prevent the punisher from happening. The argument can be made as follows: “The addition of one event is the removal of another, and vice versa: adding heat is removing cold; adding food is decreasing deprivation; adding a smile removes a frown. However, there is a fundamental asymmetry, for if a stimulus or situation is to be reducible or removable by some response, that response must occur in its presence. In contrast, positively reinforced responses necessarily occur in the absence of the stimuli upon which reinforcement is based.” (Hineline, 1984, “Aversive Control: A separate domain?” p. 496-497). Thus, we can see that the difference between the positive reinforcement and punishment is that punishment occurs in the presence of a behavior while positive reinforcement occurs in the absence of a behavior. But what about negative reinforcement? When does it usually occur?
For those who don’t have the privilege or ability to work with special education Autism children in early intervention, we use many of these techniques by pairing wanted behavior with rewards and reward schedules. It is called applied behavior analysis and it does wonders for those children lost in themselves as many come to be mainstreamed not the regular education classes and learn how to accept social cues and praise as reward for their achievements rather than just their self stemming behaviors or internal fixations.
How about the psychology of perusal YouTube? Especially with things like Crash Course and TED I will often hit playlist on a topic. And I’ve now become afraid… Please help me, and I’m being serious. John Green tried to be boring at the beginning of a vid and made me think about this; plus the hysterical way Hank rushes through his ‘end credits’. If I switch articles to something y’all reference and then come back to the original, does the first vid get any negativity in ratings, stats, etc? If while marathon-ing (or not) does it hurt the website or vid if I jump away? Can you (the originators) see that I’m jumping from closing comments to the next article?
8:22 No. I’ve always worn a seatbelt since forever, but that doesn’t stop my new car from screeching at me when I start it until I put it on. (why waste time putting on the seatbelt first when I can let the car warm up a bit?) It does NOT make me want to put my seatbelt on anymore than I already do, however it DOES make me want to scrap my new car and get an old one without that F#CKING BEEPER!!!
Figuring out the immensely complicated wonders God put on this beautiful, but fallen, planet. I love it 🙂 Very pleasing format it kept me perusal, the little cartoons are really entertaining keep it up! Please get saved everyone Jesus is coming back very soon, trust me on this please! The tribulation is horrible and God wants you with him 🙂 He loves you!!
As much as I like this course, I can’t help but notice your bias against Freud: a lot of what he proposed can’t be uphold now, but his works are about a 100 years old already, and if you compare a lot of his concepts like unconscious, they actually seems like the precursors of many neuro/cognitive theories concepts today. It’s like if quantum physists started mocking Newton because he didn’t get it…
A speeding ticket is both positive and negative punishment isn’t it? It adds a ticket to your life, changing your driving history and essentially calling you bad driver for a few years, hopefully only a few years. It also is negative where the ticket now takes your money that you could have done better things with like buy more gas, put neat rims on your car, or throw on a cool R badge on your VW when you only drive a GTI.
Punitive situations can be a negative reinforcer. After losing your license and going to traffic school, you decide to drive more slowly so this won’t recur. So while neg reinf need nog be punitive, it can result from punishment. It’s not a spanking for using the F word, it’s no longer using the F word so you won’t get spanked. Of course, all this is extrinsic, and intrinsic motivators are far stronger.
I was just thinking. if everything is because of outside forces then people would respond to reinforcements the same right? but they don’t. like doing all your chores gets you a gold star but your Buddy Ralph doesn’t want the gold star or believes he should get a cookie or two gold stars. or say getting a trip to the library is a reward for Suzy but boring to Mike. is this based on personality or previous experience?
I do not appreciate how crash course depicts behaviorism in this series. I go to you guys to learn about biology and it’s scientific without any funny business. But you guys go to the science of behavior and the founders and say it was a “brain fart” in the history of psychology? the little albert experiment was not the science of behaviorism finest moment, but other sciences have done similar stuff as well. For instance in the study of medicine, there was this canadian dude who got shot in the stomach, and his wound never healed so a medical doctor exploited him into allowing him to study stomach acid. But now we have strict regulations to make sure that kind of stuff does not happen again. Whats good about thoughts and feelings if they not measurable or objectively definable? Are you going to tell me that the earth goes around the sun because the earth loves the sun and is motivated to stay close to it? I highly doubt it. Which is why behaviorology is a seperate field from psych now
I wonder… if you linked very very subtle smells onto a device that monitored uour emotions, and released a specific smell to accompany each distinct emotion, then after you disconnected the link between the smell and emotion sensor, would then someone associate that particularbemotion with that smell to the extent of feeling it every time they were exposed to it? And at that point if you controlled the smells they were exposed to wouldnt you essentially have full control over their emotions and therefor their actions? Just a thought
I hate whenever the definitions show up just because of the noises/sound effects that go along with it in the background 0-0 im not sure if that was intentional on their part or not, but it is quite creepy. Hopefully I don’t start associating the definition with the weird noise 😛 (probably already have :P)
It seems like a pretty common for a dog to salivate. You’d have to know it from birth. They’re is a brilliant method of dog training, (I’m a dog trainer in Australia and you do need to be licensed ;p) called clicker training, its this exact thing but with a click not a bell. Super fast results with positive reinforcement. I just taught a 2 month old Doberman to sit, lay down, stand back up and roll over on a verbal command in 3 days.
Is there an experiment where a frightening action (pushing a button that makes a very loud and disturbing noise) is followed by a very satisfying reward (food)? Could it make the subject less scared by the action or rather less satisfied by the reward than it would be in normal, non-recurring conditions?
I have a problem with Positive and Negative Reinforcement….here it is: A “Positive” can also be said to be the flipside of a “Negative” and vice versa!! For example: you would say that if I condition a dog by giving him a treat every time he sits up….that is “Positive” Reinforcement!! Right?? Ok, but couldn’t you Also say that it is “Negative” Reinforcement because I TOOK AWAY the dog’s Hunger?!? Similarly, opioid painkillers could be considered “Negative” Reinforcement because it TAKES AWAY your Pain!! BUT…. You could call it “Positive” Reinforcement because it GIVES YOU a Euphoric High!!! Do you see my Dilemma?!?
Is there any proven difference between the effectiveness of different reinforcement schedules? I would think the random free coffee would work better than the free coffee on tuesdays. Because you don’t know when to expect the reward you’re always expecting it, and the behaviour is always reinforced. Is that correct?
A thought just occurred to me, and I’d be really interested to know if anyone knows the answer to this: Has anyone ever tried (I’ll bet they have!) a third-generation stimulant? For example, once you’ve got dogs salivating at the sound of a bell, pair the bell with a new neutral stimulus–say a checkered flag. Will the dogs eventually salivate in response to just the flag?